![]() Alternatively, self-esteem may be helpful only in some job contexts. Occupational success may boost self-esteem rather than the reverse. Job performance in adults is sometimes related to self-esteem, although the correlations vary widely, and the direction of causality has not been established. Efforts to boost the self-esteem of pupils have not been shown to improve academic performance and may sometimes be counterproductive. Instead, high self-esteem is partly the result of good school performance. The modest correlations between self-esteem and school performance do not indicate that high self-esteem leads to good performance. High self-esteem is also a heterogeneous category, encompassing people who frankly accept their good qualities along with narcissistic, defensive, and conceited individuals. Because many people with high self-esteem exaggerate their successes and good traits, we emphasize objective measures of outcomes. Appraisal of the effects of self-esteem is complicated by several factors. Teachers, parents, therapists, and others have focused efforts on boosting self-esteem, on the assumption that high self-esteem will cause many positive outcomes and benefits-an assumption that is critically evaluated in this review. ![]() Abstract: Self-esteem has become a household word.
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